Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry is one of the most important discipline of science which deals with the study of Carbon compounds, espcially hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Catenation is the self-linking of atoms of an element to create chains and rings.

Tetravalency of carbon is the ability of carbon to form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

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Complete Structural Formulae show all the atoms in a molecule the types of bonds that bind them and how they are interconnected.

The condensed structural formula is used to save space, structural formulas are conveniently abbreviated as condensed structural formula.

Bond line structure is a way of representing molecular structure in which covalent bonds are shown in lines as a zig-zag pattern.

A Lewis dot structure or Electron dot structure is a structural representation of a molecule where dots are used to show electron positions around the atoms and lines or dot pairs represent covalent bonds between atoms.

PDFs of worksheets and quizes are available here along with their solutions.

Open Chain Compounds are organic compounds that do not contain closed rings of atoms in their molecular structure and Closed Chain Compounds are a class of organic compounds that possess one or more closed rings of atoms in their structure.

If the atoms present in the ring belongs to the same element, they are called Homocyclic Compounds but if there are both carbon and other atoms present in the ring, they are known as Heterocyclic Compounds. 

Nomenclature on assigning names to different organic compound is executed with the help of recommendations given by IUPAC. IUPAC stands for the International Union of Pure and Applied chemistry that formulates rules for naming organic compounds.

The word "Root" indicates the total number of carbon atoms present in the longest carbon chain belonging to the compound and the "Suffix" in IUPAC nomenclature is usually a functional group belonging to the molecule which follows the root of the name.

IUPAC nomenclature of a few important aliphatic compounds ( Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes ) have been mentioned below .

An example of IUPAC nomenclature of an organic compound, 5-(1,2-dimethylpropyl) nonane is discussed below in details.

The boiling points of the homologous series increase gradually because their molecular masses increase.

Aliphatic or long chain hydrocarbons are devided into saturated and unsaturated compounds.

The chemical formula of a compound is a symbolic representation of its chemical composition & the empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of elements in a compound.

Primary (1°), secondary (2°), tertiary (3°) and quaternary (4°) alkyl carbons are defined according to the number of carbons directly attached to that carbon.

Structural or constitutional isomers share the same chemical formulas, but their atoms are arranged differently.

Structural Isomers are those isomers in which the atoms are completely arranged in different order with the same molecular formulas.

Stereoisomerism is that kind of isomerism where compounds have same chemical formula and chemical bonds but different arrangements.